Tag: Mental Illness

Find the Switch — 4

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) provides criteria sets for diagnosing various mental disorders including addiction.1 The surrounding text contains brief sections on “Development and Course” and “Risk and Prognostic Factors.” These passages are seldom helpful for case conceptualizations, that is, understanding how an illness developed and what factors are sustaining it. Clinicians need to look elsewhere.

The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) is a great place to start.2 Its S Axis explores patients’ subjective experiences in the following domains:

  • Affective states
  • Cognitive patterns
  • Somatic states
  • Relationship patterns

In the case of addiction, PDM-2 notes:

Psychoactive drugs help people who misuse substances to tolerate intolerable feelings. The effects of drugs and alcohol are specific and temporary; the main emotions the person feels will generally determine which type of substance is preferred. Opiates help a person to feel “calm,” “mellow,” or “normal.” Stimulants counter low energy,feelings of weakness, and feelings of being unloved; they may also be employed by high-energy individuals to augment a preferred hypomanic adaptation or to combat depression. Sedatives (e.g., alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates), in low doses, can overcome feelings of isolation and allow feelings of closeness and warmth (e.g., “I can feel like one of the guys ... I can join the human race”); in high doses, they drown out negative, unwelcome feelings and lead to social isolation.3

This perspective reflects Edward Khantzian’s self-medication hypothesis of addiction:

Clearly, there are other determinants of addiction, but I believe a self-medication motive is one of the more compelling reasons for overuse of and dependency on drugs. Clinical findings based on psychoanalytic formulations have been consistent with and complemented by diagnostic and treatment studies that support this perspective [...]. Rather than simply seeking escape, euphoria, or self-destruction, addicts are attempting to medicate themselves for a range of psychiatric problems and painful emotional states.3

Targeting substance use directly — while often necessary at the onset of treatment — seldom provides durable recovery. Psychiatric problems and painful emotional states are the substrate for substance use. These issues need to be explored and addressed or relapse will likely occur.

Here’s an image that I frequently include in lectures for medical students and residents.5 Everyone received addiction treatment prior to time zero (x-axis) and were abstinent from their drug of choice at discharge (y-axis; 1.00 = 100%). Most resumed using substances over the next year.

(I could show you dozens of data visualization like this. I like this one because it includes four substances in the same figure and has a meaningful time scale.)

There are various causes for relapse, however, unaddressed psychiatric symptoms — depression, anxiety, intrusive thoughts and images — are prominent among them. To reduce or eliminate substance use one must find the “switch.” ✸

  1. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2022, pp. 543–665
  2. Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual, 2d ed (PDM-2). New York: Guilford Press, 2017. PDM was first published in 2006. The countdown to PDM-3 is on: it will be available on December 8th, 2025
  3. PDM-2, p. 226
  4. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142(11):1259–1264 (PubMed). This hypothesis generated controversy when people took it farther than Khantzian himself (he never claimed that self-medication was the sole explanation for addiction). His conceptualization, however, has empirical support: see, for example, JAMA Psychiatry 2013;70(7):718–726 (PubMed). The hypothesis is also consistent with my clinical experience. Patients often report that substance use began as chemical coping and eventually turned into addiction
  5. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2011;13(5):398–405 (PubMed)

Series Installments
Find the Switch
Find the Switch — 2
Find the Switch — 3
Find the Switch — 4

Find the Switch — 3

Jean Strobel introduced me to the the “dry drunk syndrome” years ago and it has guideded my work ever since. A well-known pamphlet on the subject states, “Being dry is not the same as contented sobriety.”1 Bev Lemaniak, another important mentor, said it best: There’s more to recovery than sobriety.”

Dick Solberg, the pamphlet’s author, notes:

Dry drunk refers to attitudes and actions that poison our well-being. We keep acting "drunk," even when we're "dry." What's more, these attitudes and actions often show up after we've been sober for a while. They're a sure sign that we're experiencing discomfort in our lives.2

I’d argue that the attitudes and actions are generally present before struggles with alcohol and other drugs develop. They represent the driver or “switch” (and here) for addiction.

Solberg explored some “obvious traits” of those with substance use disorders including grandiosity, judgmentalism, intolerance and impulsivity.3 Some in recovery refer to these are “character defects.”4 From a clinical standpoint, we think in terms of attachment patterns, personality structure, irrational beliefs,5 and so forth. Treatment involves targeting these underlying issues. ✸

  1. R.J. Solberg. The Dry Drunk Syndrome, Revised Edition. Center City, MN: Hazelden, 1993, p. i
  2. Ibid., pp. 1–2; emphasis in the original
  3. Ibid., pp. 3–8
  4. Alcoholics Anonymous, 4th ed. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, 2001, pp. 58–71, 72–88 (Step 6)
  5. Irrational beliefs, or iBs, are a core feature of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), a form of cognitive behavioral therapy. Those with substance use disorders often address awfulizing, frustration intolerance and self-downing by “chemical coping”

Endnote. According to Hazelden, Solberg’s pamphlet was initially published in 1970. It was revised in 1983 and 1993. There have been many different covers over the years and pamphlets are often undated. The copy that Jean Strobel gave to me appears to be a later printing of the first edition (publishing mark: dry drunk is hyphenated).

Solberg also authored The Dry Drunk Revisited, which was published in 1980 and is now out of print.

Many thanks to Chuck B. for helping me understand the publication history.

Series Installments
Find the Switch
Find the Switch — 2
Find the Switch — 3
Find the Switch — 4

Find the Switch — 2

In an earlier post, I stressed the importance of finding the driver for symptoms and behaviors— the “switch,” as Freud called it. Kyle VanBlaircom referenced this post in a recent podcast and we discussed it for a bit.

I keep this vintage postcard in my consultation room and use it for patient education.

What might the driver or switch be? Typically early attachment experiences that coalesced into personality patterns — patterns that keep showing up in the present and cause suffering.

Finding the driver takes time. According to Drs. Jonathan Shedler and Enrico Gnaulati, “Meaningful change began at about the six-month mark, and clients who stayed in therapy for a year did substantially better. Those who stayed for two years improved still more. There [is] an unmistakable dose-response curve […].” ✸

Series Installments
Find the Switch
Find the Switch — 2
Find the Switch — 3
Find the Switch — 4

Find the Switch

I’ve been fascinated with indirect procedures1 ever since Brian McCullough introduced me to F.M. Alexander.

Consider a toddler with a fever. Administering Advil or Tylenol would be a direct approach to treatment. This might tamp down the fever for a few hours but won’t resolve its underlying cause. Moreover, that strategy might prove dangerous if something like meningitis or cancer is the cause of the fever. In contrast, treating an ear infection (driver for fever) with antibiotics resolves the fever indirectly and permanently.

I keep this vintage postcard in my consultation room and use it for patient education. Please see Endnote.

So, too, in mental health and addiction treatment. One can target symptoms and behaviors directly with medications and certain forms of psychotherapy. By and large, however, this doesn’t resolve root causes.

Freud [...] sometimes used a picture postcard of the most ordinary kind for making his point. A picture showed, for instance, a hillbilly in a hotel room trying to blow out the electric light like a candle. Freud explained: "If you attack the symptom directly, you act in the same way as this man. You must look for the switch."2

Do I use direct approaches? Yes — they are often necessary to stabilize patients. But I generally try to shift to indirect procedures that uncover and resolve root causes. ✸

Postscript. In the case of addiction:

Our liquor was but a symptom. So we had to get down to causes and conditions.3
[Y]our problem is not drinking in spite of what anyone has told you or in spite of the conclusion you may have reached yourself. Forget all that stuff. It's a lot of bunk and probably has you so confused you can't look at yourself with any objectivity. I repeat——drinking is not your problem. [...]

Drinking in your case is a symptom of something wrong. If you can make yourself realize this you may be thankful for your drinking at a future date. Why? If it were not for the particular effect that liquor has on you, you might never search for the underlying trouble.4
  1. Slides 26–39
  2. Theodor Reik. The Need to Be Loved. New York: Farrar, Straus and Company, 1963, p. 271
  3. Alcoholics Anonymous, 4th ed. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc., p. 64
  4. Charles Clapp, Jr. Drinking’s Not the Problem. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1949, p. 17 [emphasis in the original]

Endnote. I contacted the Freud Museum in 2024 to see if it had any postcards in its collection. A research manager replied: “Thank you for your email—what an intriguing question. Good old Theodore Reik! I’ve had a search through and can’t find any postcards matching that description. My guess would be that the postcard that was used for this demonstration wasn’t part of the material that came to London from Vienna—but if you ever are able to track it down—do let me know!”

Series Installments
Find the Switch
Find the Switch — 2
Find the Switch — 3
Find the Switch — 4

Rural Recovery Resources

Mental illness and addiction are big issues everywhere — but especially in rural areas like Osceola, Wisconsin, that lack local treatment resources. As my partner, Nicole Smith, M.D., said well, “What we lack at Osceola, is we don’t have integrated behavioral health, we don’t have therapists on staff. For better or for worse, Osceola doesn’t have mental health beds.”

All of that is about to change!

Exist Media Company — Lakeland, Minn.

Osceola Medical Center (OMC), a rural health clinic and critical access hospital, has committed to rapidly creating local services for mental illness and addiction. The Osceola Community Health Foundation (OCHF) recently raised $61,000 at its annual gala to launch an integrated behavioral health program. And OMC’s board of directors just prioritized creating “psych safe” hospital beds so we can stop boarding patients in the emergency department and transferring them far from home.

“We want to be known as the people who show up in the best and worst of times for our patients and their families,” said Kelly Macken-Marble, OMC’s chief executive officer.

Many thanks to Jill Leahy, Director of the OCHF; Exist Media Company; and countless others for imaging a better future for our community. ✸

Suboxone Treatment in Jail

The Saint Cloud Times recently featured CentraCare Health’s correctional care (“jail medicine”) program. This unique public-private partnership is designed to identify and treat mental illness and addiction while inmates are in custody. We then link them to a special clinic following release to the community for ongoing management. (I serve as the medical director for the program.)

Captain Mark Maslonkowski. Photo: Jason Wachter

We launched in the Benton County Jail on October 1st, 2017, and in the Stearns County Jail on January 1st, 2o18. As outlined in the article, the early signals are promising: fewer ambulance trips between the jail and hospital, fewer detox admissions and decreased total cost of care.

As far as we know, we’re the only Minnesota counties starting inmates on Suboxone, the medication to treat opioid addiction, while in custody. And, one needs to look far and wide to find other examples nationally.

Our ever-growing provider team includes:

Providers see inmates in jail and following release to the community. This continuity of care is unprecedented. Health authorities (a statutory term) have historically focused on inmates’ immediate medical needs in jail without regard for the bigger picture. This penny-wise but pound-foolish approach doesn’t resolve some big reasons—mental illness and addiction— for criminal recidivism. Thus the revolving door.

Special thanks to my partners in crime (sorry! couldn’t stop myself):

  • Captain Susan Johnson (Benton)
  • Katy Kirchner, director
  • Captain Mark Maslonkowski (Stearns)
  • Kenzie Moehle, supervisor
  • Heather Qunell, manager